The first part of the book presents the results of linguistic analysis phonological, morphological, syntactic, and areal-dialectological - of ProtoIndo-European. Indo-European is studied in this approach in typological comparison to other languages, in particular the geographically adjacent ones with which Proto-Indo-European must have interacted for a long period of time.

This book presents the results of our joint comparative research into the IndoEuropean languages and the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European that gave rise to the attested Indo-European languages. Therefore, both synchronically and diachronically language must be studied together with the other aspects of culture that make up the subject matter of modem cultural anthropology. Furthermore, language is a social phenomenon and a part of human culture and therefore closely connected to other aspects of culture. Typology is particularly important to contemporary linguistics because it makes it possible to reveal the universal linguistic categories that characterize the deep structures of language, and also to determine the degree of diversification between various language systems.

The growth of interest in diachronic linguistics has fostered a return to questions that arose in classical Indo-European comparative-historicallinguistics, questions that can be posed more clearly now with the aid of new methods of linguistic description developed by various trends in synchronic linguistics and by linguistic typology. Overcoming the Saussurean antinomy of diachrony and synchrony, linguistic science is moving toward a theory with greater explanatory power than purely taxonomic synchronic grammar offers.

Authors' Preface The second half of the twentieth century has been marked, in the history of linguistics, by a growth of interest in problems of diachronic linguistics, motivated by the general evolution of linguistic thought in recent decades.

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